His Name, Kunyah and Lineage:
He
is the Imaam, the Example, the Mujaahid, the Shaikh of the Hanbalee
scholars and greatest of them in his time: Abu Muhammad Al-Hasan Ibn
'Alee Ibn Khalf Al-Barbahaaree - an ascription to Barbahaar, which were
medicines imported from India.
His Birthplace and Early Life:
The
references available do not mention anything about his birth or early
life but it appears that he was born and brought up in Baghdad. This is
apparent from his fame amongst its general public, not to mention its
scholars. Furthermore, Al-Barabahaaree sat with a group of the
companions of the Imaam of Ahl-us-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal,
rahimahullaah. He studied under them and most of them came from
Baghdad as will be explained. This shows that he grew up in an
environment of knowledge and adherence to the Sunnah. This clearly had a
great influence on his personality.
His Teachers and His Seeking after Knowledge: Al-Barbahaaree
was pre-eminent in seeking after knowledge and expanded great efforts
to attain it. He acquired knowledge from a group of the senior students
of Imaam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, except that unfortunately, the references
available to us only state two of them by name and they are:
1. Ahmad
Ibn Muhammad Ibn-ul-Hajjaaj Ibn 'Abd-il-'Azeez Abu Bakr Al-Marwazee:
The exemplary Imaam, scholar and Muhaddith, a student of Imaam Ahmad. He
died on the sixth of Jumaadal-Oolaa in the year 275H.
2. Sahl
Ibn 'Abdullaah Ibn Yoonus At-Tustaree, Abu Muhammad: The Imaam,
worshipper and one known for abstemiousness from this world. Many wise
sayings are reported from him and many remarkable happenings. He died in
the month of Muharram in the year 283H, at the age of about eighty.
His Knowledge and the Scholars' Praise of Him:
Imaam Al-Barbahaaree, rahimahullaah,
was a formidable and imposing Imaam who spoke out with the truth and
called to the Sunnah and to the following of narrations. He also had
renown and the respect of the ruler. In his gatherings, various circles
for the study of Hadeeth, the narrations and Fiqh were held. These were
attended by many of the scholars of Hadeeth and Fiqh.
The scholar, Abu 'Abdillaah said: "If
you see a person of Baghdad loving Abul-Hasan Ibn Bashshaar and Abu
Muhammad Al-Barbahaaree, then know that he is a person of the Sunnah."
His high status is shown by what his student, Ibn Battah, rahimahullaah, said: "I heard him - meaning Al-Barbahaaree - saying when the people were prevented from Hajj: 'O
People! If anyone needs assistance to the level of a hundred thousand
Deenaars and a hundred thousand Deenaars and a hundred thousand Deenaars
- five times - then I will assist him.' Ibn Battah said: "If he wanted it the people would have given it to him."
As regards the scholars' praise for him, then a great deal has been reported:
Ibn Abee Ya'laa said: "…Shaikh
of the Community in his time and the foremost of them in censuring the
people of innovation and in opposing them with his hand and tongue. And
he had renown with the rulers and prominence amongst those of knowledge.
And he was one of the wise scholars, great and precise memorizers of
the texts and one of the reliable believers."
Adh-Dhahabee said in Al-'Ibar: "...the
exemplary scholar, Shaikh of the Hanbalees in 'Iraaq in speech, action
and sticking to what is lawful. He had great renown and total respect…"
Ibn Al-Jawzee said: "…He gathered knowledge and had abstention from this world (zuhd) … and was strong against the people of innovation."
Ibn Katheer said: "The
abstemious, man of knowledge, the Hanbalee scholar, the admonisher …
and he was strict against the people of innovation and sin. He had great
standing and was respected by the elite and by the common people."
His Piety and Abstemiousness (Zuhd):
Imaam Al-Barbahaaree was known for both of these qualities. This can be seen by what Abul-Hasan Ibn Bashshaar mentioned: "Al-Barbahaaree shunned seventy-thousand Deenaars, which he inherited from his father."
Ibn Abee Ya'laa said: "Al-Barbahaaree strove greatly and stood firm for the Religion many times."
His Position with Regard to the People of Innovation and Deviant Sects: Imaam Al-Barbahaaree, rahimahullaah,
was very stern against the people of innovations and deviant sects,
opposing them with his tongue and his hand, all the while following the
way of Ahl-us-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah with regards to the treatment of the
people of innovation and deviation. His desire was that this Religion
remain pure and be kept free from all that the people of innovation and
deviance sought to attach to it, whether the beliefs of the Jahmiyyah,
the Mu'tazilah, the 'Ash'arees, the Soofees or the Shee'ah and
Raafidees.
He
makes clear the methods employed by the people of deviant sects to give
sanction to their innovations, and he warns us against falling into
their ways and methods. He lays out for us the broad and clear outlines
describing the people of deviant sects and innovations. It is as if you
are looking straight at them.
In
summary, his position with regard to the people of deviant sects and
innovations was clearly one of opposition and sternness due to his
concern and love for the Sunnah and due to the efforts of every deviant
innovator to attack it. His position is rightfully seen as a fine
example of the positions of the Imaams of Ahl-us-Sunnah with regard to
the people of innovation, deviation and misguidance.
His Students:
A
large number of students learned from this Imaam and benefited from
him, since he was an example in both word and deed. And from these
students are:
1. The
exemplary Imaam and Scholar, Abu 'Abdillaah Ibn 'Ubaydullaah Ibn
Muhammad Al-'Ukbaree, well known as Ibn Battah, who died in Muharram of
the year 387H.
2. The
exemplary Imaam, well known for his wise sayings, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad
Ibn Isma'eel Al-Baghdaadee, Abul-Husayn Ibn Sam'oon, the admonisher,
famous for his deeds and condition. He died in the middle of
Dhul-Qa'adah in the year 387H.
3. Ahmad Ibn Kaamil Ibn Khalf Ibn Shajarah, Abu Bakr, the narrator of this book from its author
4. Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn 'Uthmaan, Abu Bakr, about whom Al-Khateeb Al-Baghdaadee (rahimahullaah) said: "It
reached me that he used to lead the life of an ascetic and was upon
good except that he reported some things that were weak and without
basis."
A Glimpse of His Words and Poetry:
Abu 'Abdillaah Ibn Battah (rahimahullaah) said: "I heard Abu Muhammad Al-Barbahaaree say: 'Sitting
in order to advise sincerely is to open the door of benefit and sitting
in order to debate is to close the doors of benefit.'"
And he, rahimahullaah, said: "The people are in constant delusion."
From his poetry is:
"Whoever satisfies himself with what suffices him –
Begins rich and continues in following the correct way:
How fine an attribute Allaah has made being satisfied with what suffices –
How many a humble person it has raised high
The soul of the youth feels constricted if it is poor
But if he is patiently dependent upon his Lord he would indeed be given ease and
sufficiency."
His Trial and Death:
Imaam Al-Barbahaaree, rahimahullaah,
had renown and a position of great respect with the common people and
the elite and also had status in the eyes of the ruler. However, his
enemies from the people of the deviant sects and innovations did not
cease in their efforts to incite the ruler against him and to cause
anger in his heart against him. This was to the point that in the year
321H, the Khaleefah, Al-Qaahir ordered his minister Ibn Muqlah to arrest
Al-Barbahaaree and his students. Al-Barbahaaree hid, however a group of
his major students were captured and taken to Basrah. Allaah, the most
High, punished Ibn Muqlah for this action by causing Al-Qaahir Billaah
to become angry with him, so Ibn Muqlah fled and was removed from his
post and his house was burned. Then Al-Qaahir Billaah was himself
imprisoned on the sixth of Jumaadal-Aakhirah, 322H. He was stripped of
his position and blinded in both eyes. Then Allaah, the Most High,
granted that Al-Barbahaaree return to his place of honor.
When
Abu 'Abdillaah Ibn 'Arafah, well known as Niftawaih died, his funeral
was attended by many prominent people and scholars and the congregation
was lead by Al-Barbahaaree and that occurred in Safar of the year 323H.
It was in this year also that Al-Barbahaaree's standing grew and his
words carried greater weight and his students became apparent and spread
out amongst the people, censuring the innovators. It reached the point
that once when Al-Barbahaaree was on the western side of the city and
sneezed, his students replied to him and (were so many that) the
Khaleefah heard the noise they made in his apartment, so he asked about
what had happened. So when he was informed he became afraid.
The
innovators still did not cease trying to cause the heart of the
Khaleefah Ar-Raadee to turn against Al-Barbahaaree. This was to the
point that Ar-Raadee gave the order to Badr Al-Harasee, his chief of
police, that he should ride out in public in Baghdad with the
proclamation that no two students of Al-Barbahaaree were allowed to meet
together. Again he hid himself having previously settled in the west of
the city, he now secretly moved to the east. He died in this state in
the year 329H.
Ibn
Abee Ya'laa said: Muhammad Ibn Al-Hasan Al-Muqri narrated to me,
saying: My grandfather and also my grandmother related to me that:
"Abu
Muhammad Al-Barbahaaree was hidden by the sister of Toozoon in the
eastern side of the town in the alleyway of the public bathhouse…he was
there for about a month then his blood ceased flowing. When
Al-Barbahaaree died, still in hiding, the sister of Toozoon said to her
servant: 'Find someone to wash him.' So someone came to wash him and the
door was kept locked so that no one would know. He alone stood to pray
for him, but when the woman who owned the house looked, she found that
it was full of men wearing white and green clothing. After he had ended
the Funeral Prayer, she did not see anyone at all, so she called to her
servant and said: 'You have destroyed me along with my brother!' So he
said: 'Did you not see what I saw?' 'Yes', she replied. He said: 'Here
are the keys to the door and it is still locked.' So she said: 'Bury him in my house and when I die bury me near him…'"
May
Allaah have mercy on Imaam Al-Barbahaaree and grant him a great reward.
He was an Imaam in truth, an example, knowing Allaah, and a follower of
the Sunnah, and an unsheathed sword against the people of innovation
and deviation.
Sources for his biography include:
Tabaqaatul-Hanaabilah (2/18-45), Ibn Abee Ya’laa.
Al-Muntazam (14/14-15), Ibn ul-Jawzee.
Al-Kaamil fil-Taareekh (8/378), Ibn ul-Atheer.
Al-‘Ibar Fee Khabar man Ghabar (2/33), adh-Dhahabee.
Siyar A’laamin-Nubalaa’ (15/90-93), adh-Dhahabee.
Taareekh ul-Islaam (pp. 259-260), adh-Dhahabee.
Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah (11/213-214), Ibn Katheer.
Al-Waafee bil Wafayaat (12/146-147), as-Safadee.
Al-Manhaj ul-Ahmed (2/26-39), al-‘Aleemee.
Al-Maqsad ul-Arshad (1/228-230), Ibn Muflih.
Manaaqib ul-Imaam Ahmad (pp.512-513), Ibn ul-Jawzee.
Taken From Sharh-us-Sunnah (Explanation of the Creed), by Imaam al-Barbahaaree.
Translated By: Abu Talhah Daawood Burbank
