Five Categories of Patience

Five Categories of Patience

Patience can also be divided into categories following the five categories of deeds, namely wâjib (obligatory), mandûb (encouraged), mahdhûr (forbidden), makrûh (disliked) and mubâh (permissible).

Obligatory (wâjib) patience

1. Patience in abstaining from forbidden (harâm) things and actions,

2. Patience in carrying out obligatory deeds,

3. Patience in facing adversity which is beyond one’s control, such as illness, poverty, etc.

Encouraged (mandûb) patience

1. Patience in abstaining from disliked (makrûh) things,

2. Patience in performing acts of worship which are liked and encouraged (mustahabb)

3. Patience in refraining from taking revenge.

Forbidden (mahdhûr) patience

1. Patience in abstaining from food and drink until death.

2. Patience in abstaining from eating harâm meat, carrion and blood, when the alternative is death and starvation. Tawus and Ahmad ibn Hanbal said, “Whoever has no choice but to eat carrion, harâm meat and blood, but refuses to eat it and dies as a consequence, will enter Hell.”

3. Patience in refraining from begging. There is a dispute as to whether begging from people is forbidden or permissible. Imam Ahmad said that this kind of patience and abstention is allowed. He was asked, “What if a person fears that if he does not do this, he will die?” Imam Ahmad answered, “No, he will not die. Allâh will send him his due provision (rizq).”Imam Ahmad did not allow begging: when Allâh knows the need of a person and his sincerity in abstaining from begging, Allâh will send him rizq. Other scholars, including some of Imam Ahmad’s companions and Imam ash-Shafi‘î said, “It is obligatory on such a person to beg, and if he did not beg, than he would be a wrongdoer, because by begging he protects himself from death.”

4. Patience in enduring things that may lead to death, such as predators, snakes, fire and water.

5. Patience at times of fitnah when the Muslims are fighting Muslims. Patience in abstaining from fighting at such a time, when Muslims are killing Muslims, is mubâh (permissible), indeed it is mustahabb (liked and preferred). When the Prophet (SAAS) was asked about this, he said, “Be like the better of the two sons of Ādam.” In other, similar reports he said, “Be like the slave of Allâh who was killed, and not like the one who has killed,” and “let him (the killer) carry his own wrong action and your wrong action.” In another report, he said, “If the sword is too bright, put your hand on your face.” Allâh has told us the story of the better of the two sons of Ādam, and how he surrendered himself and did not fight back, and how Allâh commended him for that. This is different to the case when Muslims are fighting kâfirûn: in that situation the Muslim has to defend himself, because the meaning of Jihad is to defend himself and Islâm.

Disliked (makrûh) patience

1. Patience in abstaining from physical appetites (food, drink, sex) to the extent of causing damage to one’s health.

2. Patience in doing a makrûh deed.

Permissible (mubâh) patience

Patience in abstaining from mubâh deeds.

- وباعتبار تعلق الحواجب الخمسة حسب ينقسم إلى خمسة أقسام: [إلى واجب ومندوب ومحظور ومكروه ومباح. فالصبر التسويق ثلاثة أنواع: أحدها: الصبر عن المحرمات. والثاني: الصبر على أداء الواجبات. والثالث الصبر على المصائب التي لا صنع للعبد فيها ، كالأمراض والفقر وغيرها. وأما الصبر المندوب: انه الصبر عن المكروهات ، والصبر على المستحبات ، والصبر على مقابلة الجاني بمثل فعله. وأما المحظور فأنواع: أحدها الصبر عن الطعام والشراب حتى يموت ، والحب الخنزير عند المخمصة حرام ، إذا خاف بتركه الموت ، قال طاوس وبعده أحمد: من اضطر إلى أكل الميتة والدم فلم يأكل فمات دخل النار. ومن الصبر المحظور: صبر الإنسان على ما يقصد هلاكه من سبع أو حيات أو حريق أو ماء كافر يريد قتله، بخلاف استسلامه وصبره في الفتنة وقتال المسلمين، الحب مباح له، بل يستحب ، كما دلت عليه وُوْقَفَهَا وَفَقْتُهَا: «كن كخير ابني آدم» (رواه أبو داود: 4259 ، وابن ماجه: 3961 ، وأحمد: 4/416 ، 19745 من حديث أبي موسى رضي الله عنه. في (الاقتراح) 101 ، والألباني في (صحيح الجامع) 2049). وفي لفظ: «كن عبد الله المقتول ، ولا تكن عبد الله القاتل» (رواه أحمد: 5/110 ، 21101 ، والطبراني في (الكبير) (4/59) ، وأبو يعلى (13/176) من حديث خباب بن الأرت رضي الله عنه .الله ((الزكاة)) 7/305: "من هو مؤمن ، وبقية رجاله رجال الصحيح. (8/103): رجاله ثقات غير الرجل الذي لم يسم وله شاهد). وأما الصبر المكروه فله أمثلة: أحدها: أن يصبر عن الطعام والشراب واللبس وجماع أهو حتى يتضرر بذلك بدنه.: صبره على المكروه. انه الصبر عن كل عل مستوى الطرفين ، خُيِّر بَعْضُ الوَسْمَاتِ الْمُسْتَعْرَفَةِ الْمُسْتَعْرَفَةِ الْمُسْتَعْلَمَةِ الْمُسْتَقْبَى قيم الجوزية (بتصرف) ص 57).

Patience and Gratitude
By Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah

An abridgement of his original work entitled, “Uddat as-Sâbireen wa Dhâkirat ash-Shâkireen”